Scientific Purpose
The Horizon Runs (HRs) are a series of massive $N$-body and hydrodynamic simulations realized at the Korea Institute for Advanced Study to study cosmology and galaxy formation and evolution.
The first Horizon Run, published in 2009 in support of the SDSS-III survey, was the largest $N$-body simulation at the time of publication. It used $4120^3$ = 69.9 billion particles in a volume of $(6.592 h^{-1}\mathrm{Gpc})^3$
The Horizon Runs 2 and 3 were published in 2011, were made using $6000^3$ = 216 billions and $7210^3$ = 374 billion particles, spanning a volume of $(7.200 h^{-1} \mathrm{Gpc})^3$ and $(10.815 h^{-1} \mathrm{Gpc})^3$, respectively. These simulations improve on our previous Horizon Run 1 (HR1) up to a factor of 4.4 in volume, and range from 2600 to over 8800 times the volume of the Millennium Run. In addition, they achieve a considerably finer mass resolution, down to $1.25\times 10^{11} h^{-1}M_\odot$, allowing to resolve galaxy-size halos with mean particle separations of $1.2 $ and $1.5h^{-1} \mathrm{Mpc}$, respectively.
The Horizon Run 4, published in 2015, uses $6300^3$ particles in a $3150 h^{-1} \mathrm{Mpc}$ box, and aims to study galaxy evolution in their cosmological context.
The Horizon Run 5, submitted in 2020, is the most largest cosmological hydrodynamic simulation with $1041 \mathrm{cMpc}$ box, and aims to study the effect of large-scale perturbations on formation of galaxies and clusters.
Reference papers
-
Lee, Jaehyun; Shin, Jihye; Snaith, N. Owain; Kim, Yonghwi; Few, C. Gareth;
Devriendt, Julien; Dubois, Yohan; Cox, Leah M.; Hong, Sungwook E.; Kwon,
Oh-Kyoung; Park, Chan; Pichon, Christophe; Kim, Juhan; Gibson, Brad K.;
Park, Changbom (2020)
The Horizon Run 5 Cosmological Hydrodynamical Simulation: Probing Galaxy Formation from Kilo- to Giga-parsec Scales -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; L'Huillier, Benjamin; Hong, Sungwook E. (2015)
JKAS 48, 213
Horizon Run 4 Simulation: Coupled Evolution of Galaxies and Large-scale Structures of the Universe -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; Rossi, Graziano; Lee, Sang Min; Gott, J.
Richard, III (2011) JKAS 44, 217.
The New Horizon Run Cosmological N-Body Simulations -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; Gott, J. Richard, III; Dubinski, John (2009)
ApJ 701, 1547.
The Horizon Run N-Body Simulation: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Topology of Large-scale Structure of the Universe
Authors
The following people have been involved in the development and analyzis of the Horizon Runs.
- Juhan Kim at CAC of Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) (HR1-5)
- Changbom Park at KIAS (HR1-5)
- J.Richard Gott III at Princeton University (HR1-3)
- John Dubinski at University of Toronto (HR1)
- Graziano Rossi at Sejong University (HR2-3)
- Sang Min Lee at Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) (HR2-3)
- Benjamin L'Huillier at Yonsei University (HR4)
- Sungwook E. Hong at Korea Astronomy and Space Science Intitute (KASI) (HR4-5)
- Jaehyun Lee at KIAS (HR5)
- Yonghwi Kim at KIAS (HR5)
- Jihye Shin at KASI (HR5)
- Oh-Kyoung Kwon at KISTI (HR5)
- Chan Park at KISTI (HR5)
- Owain N. Snaith at GEPI, Observatoire de Paris (HR5)
- C. Gareth Few at University of Hull and Durham University (HR5)
- Julien Devriendt at University of Oxford (HR5)
- Yohan Dubois at Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (HR5)
- Leah M. Cox at Univerity of Hull (HR5)
- Christophe Pichon at KIAS and Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
- Brad K. Gibson at University of Hull (HR5)
Cosmological model of the Horizon Runs (HR's)
All the HR's share the same cosmology, but the HR5 reflects recent updates of the Planck observation.
| Cosmological model | $\Omega_{m,0}$ | $\Omega_{b,0}$ | $\Omega_{\Lambda,0}$ | $n_\mathrm{s}$ | $H_0\,\mathrm{(km/s/Mpc)}$ | $\sigma_8$ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $\Lambda$CDM WMAP5 | 0.26 | 0.044 | 0.74 | 0.96 | 72 | 1/1.26 |
| Cosmological model | $\Omega_{m,0}$ | $\Omega_{b,0}$ | $\Omega_{\Lambda,0}$ | $n_\mathrm{s}$ | $H_0\,\mathrm{(km/s/Mpc)}$ | $\sigma_8$ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $\Lambda$CDM Planck | 0.3 | 0.047 | 0.7 | - | 68.4 | 1/1.225 |
| Simulations Name | HR1 | HR2 | HR3 | HR4 | HR5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Box Size ($c\mathrm{Mpc}$) | 9417 | 10285 | 15450 | 4436 | 1049 |
| Number of CDM particles | 4120$^3$ | 6000$^3$ | 7210$^3$ | 6300$^3$ | gas cells + particles |
| Starting redshift | 23 | 32 | 27 | 100 | 200 |
| Initial power spectrum generator | Eisenstein & Hu (1998) | CAMB Source | CAMB Source | CAMB Source | CAMB Source |
| Initial displacement | Zel'dovich | Zel'dovich | Zel'dovich | 2LPT | 2LPT |
| Code | GOTPM (Dubinski, Kim, Park 2004) |
GOTPM | GOTPM | GOTPM | RAMSES (Teyssier 2002) |
Pictures & Movies
Data
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Horizon Run 1
- Snapshot data at z= 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0
- Mock SDSS-III surveys: eight non-overlapping all-sky ($4\pi$) surveys out to $z=0.6$
- A list of subhalos from all-sky ($4\pi$) survey out to $z=1.29$ (partly overlapping with the above 8 surveys)
- Past lightcone slice: a wedge of $\Delta\phi=45^\circ$ and $64 h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ width reaching the horizon
- Past lightcone slice-II: a wedge of $\Delta\phi=5^\circ$ and $\Delta\theta=10^\circ$ reaching $z=23$
- Horizon Run 2 and 3
- Snapshot data at z=0,0.5, 1, and 2
- Mock SDSS-III surveys: 8/27 non-overlapping all-sky (4π) surveys out to z=0.7 in HR2/HR3
- A list of subhalos from all-sky ($4\pi$) survey out to z=2/4 (partly overlapping with the above 8/27 surveys)
- Past lightcone slice: a wedge of $\Delta\phi=90^\circ$ and $30 h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ width reaching z=27 (HR3)
- Horizon Run 4
- Snapshot data at z=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 1, and 4
- Halo and subhalo data at 75 timesteps from z= 16 to 0, with their gravitationally most bound member particles
- All-sky past lightcone data out to z=1.5
- Horizon Run 5
- 171 snapshot data from z=200 to z=0.625
- 5 dense regions with finer time steps with selecting cluster candidate haloes (Log$M_{200}/M_{\odot}\sim$14.7-15.0$ at z=0) from a low resolution simulation based on the same IC
- Halo, subhalo, and galaxy data using PGalF (PSB-based Galaxy Finder, Kim et al. in prep.)
- All-sky past lightcone data from 2 mock observers out to z=0.625
List of papers using the HR's data
-
L'Huillier, Benjamin; Park, Changbom; Kim, Juhan (2016) MNRAS in press
The ecology of dark matter haloes -II. Effect of the environment on the alignment of halo pairs -
Li, Xiao-Dong; Park, Changbom; Sabiu, Cristiano G.; Park, Hyunbae; Weinberg, David H.; Schneider, Donald P.; Kim, Juhan; Hong, Sungwook E. (2016) ApJ. Accepted.
Cosmological constraints from the redshift dependence of the Alcock-Paczynski effect: application to the SDSS-III BOSS DR12 galaxies -
Uhlemann, C.; Codis, S.; Kim, J.; Pichon, C.; Bernardeau, F.; Pogosyan, D.; Park, C.; L'Huillier, B. (2016) MNRAS in press
Beyond Kaiser bias: mildly non-linear two-point statistics of densities in distant spheres -
Kopp, Michael; Uhlemann, Cora; Achitouv, Ixandra (2016) arXiv:1606.02301
Choose to smooth: Gaussian streaming with the truncated Zel'dovich approximation -
Anderson, P.; Davis, T. M.; Howlett, C. (2016) MNRAS 463, 4083
Cosmology with peculiar velocities: observational effects -
Hong, Sungwook E.; Park, Changbom; Kim, Juhan (2016) ApJ 823, 103
The Most Bound Halo Particle-Galaxy Correspondence Model: Comparison between Models with Different Merger Timescales -
Hwang, Ho Seong; Geller, Margaret J.; Park, Changbom; Fabricant, Daniel G.; Kurtz, Michael J.; Rines, Kenneth J.; Kim, Juhan; Diaferio, Antonaldo; Zahid, H. Jabran; Berlind, Perry; Calkins, Michael; Tokarz, Susan; Moran, Sean (2016) ApJ 818, 173
HectoMAP and Horizon Run 4: Dense Structures and Voids in the Real and Simulated Universe -
Clampitt, Joseph; Jain, Bhuvnesh; Sánchez, Carles (2016) MNRAS 456, 4425
Clustering and bias measurements of SDSS voids -
Kumar, Abhinav; Wang, Yuyu; Feldman, Hume A.; Watkins, Richard (2015) arXiv:1512.08800
Gravitational potential wells and the cosmic bulk flow -
Uhlemann, Cora; Kopp, Michael; Haugg, Thomas (2015) Phys. Rev. D 92, 063004
Edgeworth streaming model for redshift space distortions -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; L'Huillier, Benjamin; Hong, Sungwook E. (2015) JKAS 48, 213
Horizon Run 4 Simulation: Coupled Evolution of Galaxies and Large-scale Structures of the Universe -
L'Huillier, Benjamin; Park, Changbom; Kim, Juhan (2015) MNRAS 451, 527.
The ecology of dark matter haloes -I. The rates and types of halo interactions -
Li, Xiao-Dong; Park, Changbom; Forero-Romero, J. E.; Kim, Juhan (2015) ApJ 796, 137.
Cosmological constraints from the redshift dependence of the Alcock-Paczynski test and volume effect: galaxy two-point correlation function -
Speare, Robert; Gott, J. Richard; Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom (2015) ApJ 799, 176.
Horizon Run 3: Topology as a Standard Ruler -
Li, Xiao-Dong; Park, Changbom; Forero-Romero, J. E.; Kim, Juhan (2014) ApJ 796, 137.
Cosmological Constraints from the Redshift Dependence of the Alcock-Paczynski Test: Galaxy Density Gradient Field - Kim, Young-Rae; Choi, Yun-Young; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Kim, Kap-Sung; Lee, Jeong-Eun; Shin, Jihye; Kim, Minbae (2014) ApJS 212, 22.
Systematic Effects on the Genus Topology of the Large-scale Structure of the Universe -
Choi, Yun-Young; Kim, Juhan; Rossi, Graziano; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Lee, Jeong-Eun (2013) ApJS 209, 19.
Topology of Luminous Red Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey -
Park, Changbom; Choi, Yun-Young; Kim, Juhan; Gott, J. Richard, III; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Kim, Kap-Sung (2012) ApJL 759, L7.
The Challenge of the Largest Structures in the Universe to Cosmology -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; Rossi, Graziano; Lee, Sang Min; Gott, J. Richard, III (2011) JKAS 44, 217.
The New Horizon Run Cosmological N-Body Simulations -
Kim, Juhan; Park, Changbom; Gott, J. Richard, III; Dubinski, John (2009) ApJ 701, 1547.
The Horizon Run N-Body Simulation: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Topology of Large-scale Structure of the Universe